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2024-01-11
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在电机故障案例中，有一半以上的故障是由轴承系统质量问题引发，轻者表现为轴承杂音，严重时轴承散架，还有可能由此导致电机扫膛或绕组烧毁事故。
在这类故障电机的解剖过程中可以发现至少有以下一种表象：轴承或缺油的干磨状态；润滑脂发生变黑、结块；轴承已发生明显的机械性或电腐蚀损伤。
出现该类问题的电机，在故障的初期都会表现为轴承杂音。因发生故障的对象明确，人们大概率会将该问题归结为轴承的质量问题，而忽略了润滑脂及其关联因素的影响。
轴承转动及窜动导致润滑脂甩出
轴承系统的设计是决定电机能否驱动设备可靠运行的关键环节。对于内外圈可分离的圆柱滚子轴承，特别是在定位端控制不好的情况下，会出现一定幅度的轴向窜动。有时电机轴窜动频次和力度恰好达到类似振动筛的水平，导致轴承内的润滑脂持续往某一方向运动，于是在轴承旋转过程中的离心作用下，油脂不断从轴承内腔甩出。实际检查过程发现，对于轴承系统中空腔较大的情况，对于被甩出的油脂没有较好的约束，不能起到润滑效果，还会阻碍轴承系统的散热。
针对该问题，应根据具体情况采取以下措施：适当改变通过轴承内外盖的内腔尺寸，增加挡油盘或甩油装置，核查各轴承支点的定位关系等。
润滑脂会发生变质的原因
润滑脂发生变质的主要原因，在于轴承发热程度高于润滑脂的工作温度因素。如果轴承系统加工、装配精度没有问题，就可能与润滑脂的选择有关，特别是对于高温环境运行的电机。还有更多其它原因引起的轴承发热问题，在此不再赘述。
轴承发热与润滑脂降解失效是直接关联的两个要素，轴承发热到一定程度会导致润滑脂降解，而润滑脂降解又会加剧轴承发热。
在轴承中运转的润滑脂，遭受机械力的破坏而使稠化剂的纤维变碎裂、变短、降低了维系润滑脂结构的能力，即稠度变化，如果稠度变化很大会产生从工作表面流失的现象。同时在运转工作时，润滑脂将受到温度升高的影响，基础油会产生蒸发而减少或部分基础油由于脂的胶体破坏分油损失，使脂的含油量减少，也有产生氧化变质的可能。
从电机产品实际运行的效果分析，润滑脂与轴承系统、环境条件的匹配关系非常关键，而且，对于任何一台电机，润滑脂的成本占比极小，采用高品质的润滑脂品牌可以大大降低轴承系统故障。
（来源：金属加工视界）
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Hangzhou Jingzhou Bearing Co.,Ltd.
Address：Liangzhu Indystrial City Hangzhou
Service hotline：0571-88777186 88777665
Jiangsu Jingzhou Bearing Co., Ltd.
Address：No.19, Yulan Avenue, Xuyi Economic DevelopmentZone, Huai’an City, Jiangsu Province
Service hotline：0517-80817777
Website：www.jzbearing.com
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