Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 64
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 64
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 240
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 240
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant SEC_KEY - assumed 'SEC_KEY'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 240
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 64
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 64
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 33
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 33
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant SEC_KEY - assumed 'SEC_KEY'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 33
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
2024-11-05
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 64
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 64
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 36
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 36
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant SEC_KEY - assumed 'SEC_KEY'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 36
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
乳化液中主要含有机油和表面活性剂,是用乳化油根据需要用水稀释再加入乳化剂配制而成的。
破乳,又称反乳化作用。在机床切削使用的乳化液中为了提高乳化液的防锈性,还加入了亚硝酸钠等。由于乳化剂都是表面活性剂,当它加入水中,使油与水的界面自由能大大降低,达到最低值,这时油便分散在水中。乳化液可以简单地认为是油和水所组成的稳定而均匀的胶体物质,其中乳化液中的乳化油为分散相,水为连续相。
一、机械破乳法
通常是采用离心分离,利用油、水的密度不同,经离心加热而使油相的粘度降低而加快破乳,该方法在乳化油污水的实际处理上应用较少。
二、物理破乳法
常用的物理破乳法有电沉降法、超声波法、过滤法等。电沉降法主要用于油包水(W/O)型乳化液破乳;超声波破乳作用的强度不应太大,否则可能导致分散;过滤破乳是使乳状液通过多孔材料或过滤装置实现油水分离。物理法在乳化含油污水处理上的实际应用也较少。
三、化学破乳法
化学破乳法主要是改变乳化液的类型和界面性质,使它变的不稳定而发生破乳。通常是通过投加药剂来实现这一过程,工程上应用较为广泛。化学破乳法大体上有以下几种:
01 酸碱破乳
含油污水中细微的油滴表面往往覆盖一层带有负电荷的双电层,通过用酸将污水调至酸性,产生的质子就会中和双电层,改变液滴表面带电情况,破坏其稳定性,促进油滴凝集,并得到分离。PH调节多为硫酸、磷酸二氢钠或二氧化碳,通常伴随有加热升温过程,再以石灰或碱液中和,最终实现油水分离。这种方法的特点是工艺和设备比较简单,效果稳定,但一般效率较低,出水含油量较高,常作为一种含油污水预处理方法使用。
02 无机混凝剂破乳
乳化油污水中加入金属盐类化合物,其阳离子部分可以起去除乳化油界面存在的表面活性剂及抑制双电层的作用,使油滴经凝集、吸附等机理而被去除。根据Sehulze-Hardy法则,各种金属离子的混凝作用与其离子价数的六次方在正比,故铝盐、铁盐广泛作为无机混凝剂来处理污水,如硫酸铝、明矾、碱式硫酸铝、碱式氯化铝、三氯化铝、磷酸铝、复配粉末药剂和三氯化铁、硫酸铁、硫酸亚铁等。
此外,钙盐、镁盐、锌盐、矿泥等系列来可作为破乳剂使用,如硫酸钙、碳酸钙、氯化钙、硫酸镁、硅酸镁、硝酸镁、氯化锌、硼泥、电石糊等。
无机混凝剂破乳的特点为:效果较稳定,处理费用较低,一般需结合混凝沉降或气浮工艺,但处理效果受污水中表面活性、乳化剂类型影响较大,适合于处理稳定性较差的乳化油污水,目前在实际污水处理中应用广泛,存在的问题是渣量较大,适用乳化油污水不广等。
03 有机絮凝剂破乳
有机絮凝剂可分为两种,一种为高分子药剂,破乳机理一般以吸附架桥作用为主,高分子絮凝剂又有阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型等,如含阳离子,则可体现有一定程度的电中和特性。另一种为表面结构改性物,通过改变乳化油污水中表面活性物质的特性而使表面失稳使油水分离。
高分子絮凝剂主要有聚丙烯酰胺系列、聚丙烯睛系列、聚胺系列、聚醚系列、天然改性物系列等:表面结构改性物则以表面活性物质为主,种类较多,如十二烷基苯磺酸钠、高级脂肪酸钠、某些脂肪酸盐等。有机絮凝剂破乳的特点为专一性较强,适用于难破乳处理的场合,效果较好。问题是有机絮凝剂种类繁多,实际使用中选用的难度较大,而且价格相对较贵,国内的研究相对滞后,大多停留在实验室阶段,可供选择的品种较少。
04 无机与有机药剂的复配或配合使用
为取得优良的破乳效果,往往把一些无机混凝剂与有机絮凝剂做成复配制剂使用,或者将二者配合使用,在实际的工程上这类应用较多。其最大的特点是可以获得最大颗粒的絮体,并把油滴凝集或吸附而去除,也可加入二种不同分子量的聚合物,一个分子量较小,而另一个较大,这可取得较大的絮体,相应的处理效果也更好。
由上可见,采用化学破乳法较常用,化学法中采用无机混凝剂破乳,适合于处理稳定性差的乳化液。采用有机絮凝剂破乳适用于难破乳处理的场合,效果较好,但其专一性较强,有机絮凝剂种类繁多,在多品种乳化液破乳实际使用难度较大。而采用酸碱破乳,对各种乳化液均有效,只不过破乳效率高低而已,酸碱破乳适合多品种乳化液破乳场合。
来源:网络
(版权归原作者或机构所有)
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 64
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 64
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 45
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 45
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant SEC_KEY - assumed 'SEC_KEY'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 45
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 64
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 64
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 45
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant APP_ID - assumed 'APP_ID'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 45
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Notice
Message: Use of undefined constant SEC_KEY - assumed 'SEC_KEY'
Filename: database/translate.php
Line Number: 69
Backtrace:
File: D:\database\translate.php
Line: 69
Function: _error_handler
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\views\news\knowledgePage.php
Line: 45
Function: lang
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\application\controllers\news.php
Line: 248
Function: view
File: D:\wwwroot\jzbearing.com\index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once