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2024-09-04
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“轴承材料是GCr15,钢中含铬,是不是就意味着轴承是防腐防锈的,他的防锈能力怎么样?可以在什么样的环境下抵抗锈蚀?”。
很多人知道不锈钢就是因为含有铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、锰(Mn)等合金元素,才具备了抵抗腐蚀的能力。所以会认为轴承具有防腐蚀能力,下面我们就聊聊轴承的防腐蚀能力。
1、轴承钢会生锈吗?
肯定会生锈!
轴承钢,包括不锈钢都会生锈,虽然不锈钢号称不锈,其实也是会生锈的,世界上根本就没有不生锈的钢!
轴承钢除了少部分是不锈轴承钢之外,大部分是普通耐蚀性的轴承钢,所以生锈一点也不奇怪,很正常。
注:常用轴承不锈钢有G95Cr18(原9Cr18)、G65Cr14Mo、G102Cr18Mo(原9Cr18Mo,美国440C,X108CrMo17)(GB/T 3086—2019《高碳铬不锈轴承钢》)和G105Cr14Mo4、
G115Cr14Mo4V(GB/T 38884—2020《高温不锈轴承钢》)。
2、耐腐蚀等级如何划分?
金属的耐腐蚀性能高低是用其腐蚀速度来区分的,因此具体的耐蚀性等级就根据金属的腐蚀速率来界定,而腐蚀速率就以每年的腐蚀深度mm/a(毫米/年)来表示。
依据《腐蚀数据与选材手册》金属材料的耐蚀性等级分为了4级:
1级:优良,腐蚀速率<0.05mm/a;
2级:良好,腐蚀速率为 0.05~0.5mm/a;
3级:可用,但腐蚀较重,腐蚀速率为 0.5~1.5mm/a;
4级:不适用,腐蚀严重,腐蚀速率>1.5mm/a;
依据《金属防腐蚀手册》耐腐蚀性分成了6个大类10个等级:
完全耐腐蚀:耐腐蚀性级别1,腐蚀速度<0.001mm/a;
相当耐腐蚀:耐腐蚀性级别2,腐蚀速度0.001~0.005mm/a;耐腐蚀性级别3,腐蚀速度0.005~0.01mm/a;
耐腐蚀:耐腐蚀性级别4,腐蚀速度,腐蚀速度0.01~0.05mm/a;耐腐蚀性级别5,腐蚀速度0.05~0.10mm/a;
尚耐腐蚀:耐腐蚀性级别6,腐蚀速度0.1~0.5mm/a;耐腐蚀性级别7,腐蚀速度0.5~1.0mm/a;
耐腐蚀性差:耐腐蚀性级别8,腐蚀速度1~5mm/a;耐腐蚀性级别9,腐蚀速度5~10mm/a;
不耐腐蚀:耐腐蚀性级别10,>10.0mm/a;
所谓不锈钢,就是指耐蚀的程度更好的钢而已。
3、轴承锈蚀测试
金属产品极易氧化生锈,不锈钢轴承也不例外。影响轴承生锈的因素很多,如:金属材料本身的化学成分和结构;表面光洁度(氧浓度差电池腐蚀);与金属表面接触的溶液成分及pH值;以及它所处的环境因素。
普通轴承会生锈吗?
轴承钢会如一般钢材那样,锈蚀得非常厉害(见图1工艺流体试验)。轴承钢虽然含Cr,具有一定的防锈效果,但是含Cr量太少,GCr15的含Cr量只有1.5%左右,Cr含量要接近在13%的时候,防锈效果才比较好。轴承钢中的Cr元素主要是起改善钢材的力学性质的作用,而不是用来防锈的。
图1 工艺流体侵蚀下的GCr15轴承钢(PH2.8,100小时)
不锈钢轴承会生锈吗?
不锈轴承钢对一般的大气腐蚀和淡水腐蚀具有中等耐腐蚀性,但相对于其他不锈钢来说,它的耐蚀性还是较差。在某些极端腐蚀环境下,如盐水、酸性或碱性环境,440C不锈钢可能会出现腐蚀(图2:盐雾试验)。
图2 盐雾试验下的440C不锈钢
轴承及其零件的防锈措施是非常有必要的,不想让轴承生锈必须做好防锈处理,或者选用非钢质的轴承。
4、总结
轴承选用需根据应用环境,选用普通轴承或者不锈钢轴承。不锈钢轴承的硬度低于普通轴承,且经济性远不如普通轴承,在设计时尽量采用隔离锈蚀应用环境的设计,采用密封性能更好的轴承箱设计及密封保护。
在安装轴承时,切勿用手直接接触,汗液与轴承接触时,会在轴承表面形成一层汗液膜,汗液膜会对轴承引起电化学作用,腐蚀轴承。所以必须使用专用工具拿取轴承,不要直接用手接触。
对于极端腐蚀环境,可以选择渗氮处理的不锈轴承钢材料,还有就是必须考虑更加薄弱的保持架材料的防腐能力。
(来源:机泵与轴承)
(版权归原作者或机构所有)
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