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2024-05-07
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振动评定
1、机器分类
在10-1000Hz的频段内，振动速度均方根值相同的振动，被被为具有相同的烈度，为使各种不同的旋转机械能用同一烈度标准进行评定，本标准根据机器的尺寸和功能（振动体质量、尺寸、机器的输出功率等）、机器一支承系统的刚性等将旋转机械分为如下4类：
I--小型转机如15KW以下的电机；
II--安装在刚性基础上的中型转机，功率300KW以下；
III--大型转机，机器一支承系统为刚性状态；
IV--大型转机，机器一支承系统为挠性支承状态。
2、评定振动标准
每类旋转机械分4个区段作振动状态评定，振动烈度评定界限见表1。当振动烈度变化达到表中所列一级数值时，表示振动烈度变化了1.6倍，即相差了4dB，表明大多数机器振动状态发生了有意义的变化，应及时报告。振动烈度变化了两级，意味着振动变化了2.5倍，即振动状态变化了一个区段，应及时调查研究，分析原因。
表1 振动烈度评定等级表
①I、Ⅱ、III、Ⅳ为机器分类，见机器分类；
②A区-新交付使用的机器应达到的状态或优良状态；
B区--机器可以长期运行或合格状态；
C区一机器尚可短期运行但必须采取相应补救措施，或不合格状态；
D区一不允许状态。
关于轴振动的测量与评定
1、测量方法与要求
（1）轴相对振动测量
通常使用非接触式传感器进行测量。在轴承内安装传感器时，不能影响润滑油膜压力区。在支架上安装传感器时，支架的固有频率要高于机器转速的10倍以上。
（2）轴绝对振动测量
轴绝对振动测量有两种方法，即有接触式轴振动传感器方法和把惯性传感器与非接触式，传感器结合使用的方法。当采用惯性传感器与非接触式传感器结合使用的方法时。要求惯性传感器和非接触式传感器固接在一起，刚性地安装在机器的轴承座上，以保证两个传感器在测量方向上承受相同支承的绝对振动。两种传感器的灵敏度轴线应尽量重合，以保证它们输出信号的矢量和能成为轴绝对振动的精确测量值。
（3）两种轴振动测量方法，都需确定由于轴表面金相组织不均匀、局部剩磁及轴的机械偏差所引起的总的非振动性偏差，其值不超过振动位移允许值的1/4或6um两者中的较大值。
2、轴振动评定准则
当评定指标为轴承动载荷或径向间隙时，用轴相对振动值为评定参数。
当评定转轴的振动变化时，如果传感器支承结构的绝对振动值等于或大于转轴相对振动值的20%，要进行转轴绝对振动测量。
3、轴振动评定标准
（1）轴振动A区（优良状态）上限值，推荐按下式计算：
式中Sp-p——测量方向上振动位移的峰峰值；
Nmax——机器工作转速，r/min。
（2）轴振动B区（合格状态）的上限，建议取为A区上限的1.6-2.5倍。工作转速较高者取下限，工作转速较低者取上限。其值建议定为黄灯值（一级报警）。
（3） 轴振动C区（不合格状态）的上限，建议取为B区上限的1.5倍，其值建议定为红灯值（二级报警）。
（4） 要重视振动值的变化。在稳定运行条件下，尽管振动值仍在合格范围内，如果振动值发生明显变化，例如其变化量大于B区上限值的25%，无论振动值是变大还是变小，都要及时报告并进一步分析原因。
（来源：网络）
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Hangzhou Jingzhou Bearing Co.,Ltd.
Address：Liangzhu Indystrial City Hangzhou
Service hotline：0571-88777186 88777665
Jiangsu Jingzhou Bearing Co., Ltd.
Address：No.19, Yulan Avenue, Xuyi Economic DevelopmentZone, Huai’an City, Jiangsu Province
Service hotline：0517-80817777
Website：www.jzbearing.com
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